91快播

The calf flies up in the air as if catapulted by an unseen trampoline, followed in quick succession by a pair of doves, a cruse of oil, and a surprised-looking goat. With a deft swipe of a finger across the screen, each offering is 鈥渟acrificed鈥� in front of an animated 鈥淭ent of Meeting,鈥� complete with a cartoon splash of blood and decapitation. This rather irreverent digital adaptation of the sacrificial service can be played and enjoyed in , a new mobile game published by . Lest details of this ancient form of Jewish worship be neglected, players are penalized for 鈥渟acrificing鈥� non-kosher animals or animals unfit for sacrifice, and a bonus level allows players to sprinkle blood across the altar as described in the fourth chapter of Va-yikra.

In spite of its use of technology, high production value, and smooth gameplay, Leviticus! does not focus on finding meaning as one might expect in a 21st-century educational game. Ironically, this educational stance puts Leviticus! firmly in line with the classic pedagogic tradition of introducing children to the study of Torah through the arcane practices of the sacrificial cult described in Va-yikra. As Va-yikra Rabbah 7:3 states, 鈥淕od said that since both sacrifices and children are in a state of purity let the pure occupy themselves with the pure.鈥� That is to say, mere engagement with the surface level of the text, 鈥渢he pure occupying themselves with the pure,鈥� is the essential educational goal of one鈥檚 first encounter with Torah, without any focus on deeper meanings.

Unfortunately, the lack of depth and meaning in Leviticus! leaves the player with the sense that the sacrificial service of the Temple has little relevance for today鈥檚 Jews outside of a view of Jewish tradition laced with irony; irreverence without the requisite reverence. To that end, I would like to offer three of the many approaches to Va-yikra that might help infuse our reading of the book with meaning beyond flying goats and calves.

Sacrifice as the Ideal Form of Worship

The most traditional approach to sacrifice, the one most embedded in traditional text and prayer, views sacrifice as the ideal form of worship. From this perspective, were it not for the destruction of the holy Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, the Jewish People would be offering sacrifices much as described in Va-yikra and subsequent books of the Torah. It is this view that resonates in the traditional prayer found in the 鈥楢尘颈诲补丑 to 鈥渞estore the service to the inner sanctuary of your house,鈥� and that God will accept 鈥渢he fire-offerings of Israel and their prayers with love and favor.鈥� It is also this understanding of Va-yikra that motivates controversial groups like the Temple Institute to research the Temple service with the goal of one day reestablishing sacrificial worship on the Temple mount.

This literalist view of sacrifice has often been deemphasized in the theology of the Conservative Movement. The prayer calling for the reestablishment of sacrifice found in the traditional 鈥楢尘颈诲补丑 is slightly changed in Siddur Sim Shalom to 鈥淩estore worship to Your sanctuary. May your people鈥檚 prayers be accepted with love and favor,鈥� thus eliminating direct reference to animal sacrifice while keeping language relating to the reestablishment of Temple worship. This liturgical shift hints at a second approach to Temple sacrifice.

Sacrifice as a 鈥淒ivine Ruse鈥�

In his book Israelis and the Jewish Tradition, the Jewish philosopher Rabbi David Hartman (锄鈥漧) explains Maimonides鈥� rationalist approach to sacrifice this way: 鈥淭he prophecy of Moses arose in response to the seductions of idolatry. Because Israel was similar to all the nations it was vulnerable to pagan influences. The Bible legislated the qorbanot and many other laws in order to gradually wean the community from idolatry鈥� (73).

For Maimonides, sacrifice is not an end unto itself, but rather a means to slowly move the Israelite People away from the idolatrous ways. The ultimate goal of sacrifice becomes that of developing a more pure form of worship focused around prayer and the contemplation of God鈥檚 nature. The laws of Va-yikra come to subdue the power of ritual sacrifice that had its origins in idolatry. Writing about these laws, Maimonides states in his The Guide for the Perplexed, 鈥�All this was intended to restrict this kind of worship [sacrifice], so that only the portion of it should subsist whose abolition is not required by God鈥檚 wisdom鈥� (3:32).

From our modern perspective, this understanding of sacrifice creates a series of intriguing questions that help provide meaning to Va-yikra. Maimonides raises the question of which elements of sacrifice are rooted in idolatry and which are necessary to achieve true worship of God. Which parts of the service must be maintained, and which must be abandoned? In an introspective fashion, this perspective raises the question of whether or not we as a people have moved beyond the need or desire for animal sacrifice in our worship of God. If the answer to this question is that we have not, what might be keeping us mired in the world of idolatry?

Sacrifice as a System of Symbolic Ritual

The third approach to the sacrifice detailed in Va-yikra arises not in opposition to the first two approaches, but as a synthesis of both. In this approach, the complex ritual embedded in the sacrificial cult can be viewed as arising from a deep-seated human desire to be in the Divine Presence. With this understanding, the network of people, actions, objects, and sacrifices of the Temple service were developed out of a particular human or ritual need. While this desire to experience God鈥檚 Presence may no longer be satiated through the sacrificial cult, the need itself is still present in us and our communities. Each element of the sacrificial service then takes on the possibility of becoming a metaphor of it. In a description first brought to my attention by Chancellor Arnold M. Eisen, the anthropologist Mary Douglas views Va-yikra as 鈥減hilosophizing by sacrifice.鈥� Our job as we make our way through Va-yikra becomes to carefully study the nature of the sacrifice in order to uncover the philosophy behind it. This process has the potential to transform every aspect of the Temple service into potent metaphors and symbols for our modern world.

Examples of the complex symbolic power of Va-yikra have been expertly described by my colleagues in the numerous Torah commentaries now hosted on : From Rabbi David Hoffman鈥檚 description of the hattat offering as demanding that we take responsibility for our actions and the world in 鈥溾�� to Rabbi Abigail Treu鈥檚 belief in 鈥溾�� that Va-yikra serves as an example of a worldgrounded in ritual and community that we seek to re-create in our daily lives, the potential to find symbolic meaning in Va-yikra鈥攖o uncover the 鈥減hilosophy鈥� of our ancestors鈥攊s almost endless.

While lacking deep meaning, the game Leviticus! is not entirely without merit. After all, the Hebrew word for sacrifice is korban, whose root means 鈥渢o come close,鈥� suggesting that the role of sacrifice is an encounter between God and humanity. Leviticus!, with its engaging and humorous depiction of sacrificial worship, might serve as a first step toward that encounter, as long as we are willing to go deep and read Va-yikra with an eye toward finding God鈥檚 presence in the ancient text and in our modern world, animated flying goats and all.

The publication and distribution of the 91快播 Commentary are made possible by a generous grant from Rita Dee and Harold (锄鈥漧) Hassenfeld.